
Balik dari Pekan.. isteri aku mintak bawak anak2 gi zoo negara..
Lawatan sambil belajar la ni... bawak diorg kenal binatang2 kat zooo tuu...
Lepas ni buleh la buat perumpamaan 'Malu macam cipan"...
hua hua hua...


A router is a hardware device and has the function of routing packets between networks. A router works at Layer 3 of the OSI Model – the Network Layer. This is the layer that the IP protocol works at. Most routers today are IP routers that examine the source and destination IP addresses of each packet, look up the destination of the packet in the router’s IP routing table, and route that packet on its way. In the event that the destination is not listed in the routing table, the router will either send the packet to a default router (if it has one) or drop the packet. Routers are usually used to connect a local area network to a wide-area network (a LAN to a WAN) but can also be used to segment large local area networks (LAN’s).
Routers prevent broadcasts. Another way of saying this is that routers form a broadcast domain. So, if your network is being deluged by IP broadcasts, you need to subnet your network into two or more smaller networks. Those networks would be connected by a router and that router wouldn’t allow broadcast traffic to flow between subnets.
Routers use routing dynamic protocols like OSPF, RIP, or BGP to learn routes from other routers. Router can also use static routes that are entered by the administrator.
Routers replace the Ethernet MAC address of the source device with their own MAC address when they send a packet out an interface. When the response to that packet comes back, the new source of the packet is sending the response to the destination of the router. The router receives this, replaces the source address, changes the destination address to the original address, and sends the packet back to the original sender. This is a complex topic that we could spend a whole article covering so this is only meant to provide the most basic understanding of how this works.
A switch is a hardware device that works at Layer 2 of the OSI model – data link. The data link layer is where the Ethernet protocol works.
A switch switches Ethernet frames by keeping a table of what MAC addresses have been seen on what switch port. The switch uses this table to determine where to send all future frames that it receives. In Cisco terminology, this table is called the
A switch is a high-speed multiport bridge. This is why bridges are no longer needed or manufactured. Switches do what bridges did faster and cheaper. Most routers can also function as bridges.
You might be asking how a hub fits into this mix of devices. A hub is a multiport repeater. In other words, anything that comes in one port of a hub is duplicated and sent out all other ports of the hub that have devices attached. There is no intelligence to how a hub functions. A switch is a vast improvement over a hub in terms of intelligence, for many reasons. The most important of those reasons is how the bridge forwarding table works. Intelligent (smart) switches have made hubs obsolete because they can do more at the same cost of a dumb hub. For this reason, hubs are rarely used or sold any longer.
A firewall is used to protect more secure network from a less secure network. Generally, firewalls are used to protect your internal/private LAN from the Internet.
A firewall generally works at layer 3 and 4 of the OSI model. Layer 3 is the Network Layer where IP works and Layer 4 is the Transport Layer, where TCP and UDP function. Many firewalls today have advanced up the OSI layers and can even understand Layer 7 – the Application Layer.
There are a variety of different types of firewalls and we won’t go into that in this article so let’s just talk about the most popular type of firewall – a stateful packet inspection (SPI) hardware firewall. An example of a SPI hardware firewall is a Cisco PIX firewall. This is a dedicated appliance and it looks a lot like a Cisco router.
A SPI firewall is stateful because it understands the different states of the TCP (transmission control protocol) protocol. It knows what is coming and what it going and keeps track of it all. Thus, if a packet tried to come in but it wasn’t requested, the firewall knows that and drops it.
| 1. | On a domain controller, open the Active Directory Users and Computers snap-in. |
| 2. | Right-click the domain name, and then click Properties. |
| 3. | Click the Group Policy tab, click the default domain policy, and then click Edit. |
| 4. | Expand Administrative Templates under Computer Configuration in the Tree pane. |
| 5. | Expand System under Administrative Templates, and then click Group Policy. |
| 6. | Click Internet Explorer Maintenance Policy Processing in the Policy pane. |
| 7. | Double-click Internet Explorer Maintenance Policy Processing to open the properties for Internet Explorer Maintenance Policy Processing. |
| 8. | Click Enable on the Policy tab, and then click Process, even if Group Policy objects have not changed. |
| 9. | Click OK to set the policy. |
Netsh.exe is a command-line scripting utility that allows you to, either locally or remotely, display or modify the network configuration of a computer that is currently running. Netsh.exe also provides a scripting feature that allows you to run a group of commands in batch mode against a specified computer. Netsh.exe can also save a configuration script in a text file for archival purposes or to help you configure other servers.
Netsh.exe is available on Windows 2000, Windows XP and Windows Server 2003.
You can use the Netsh.exe tool to perform the following tasks:
With Netsh.exe you can easily view your TCP/IP settings. Type the following command in a Command Prompt window (CMD.EXE):
>netsh interface ip show config
With Netsh.exe, you can easily configure your computer's IP address and other TCP/IP related settings. For example:
The following command configures the interface named Local Area Connection with the static IP address 192.168.0.100, the subnet mask of 255.255.255.0, and a default gateway of 192.168.0.1:
>netsh interface ip set address name="Local Area Connection" static 192.168.0.100 255.255.255.0 192.168.0.1 1
Netsh.exe can be also useful in certain scenarios such as when you have a portable computer that needs to be relocated between 2 or more office locations, while still maintaining a specific and static IP address configuration. With Netsh.exe, you can easily save and restore the appropriate network configuration.
First, connect your portable computer to location #1, and then manually configure the required settings (such as the IP address, Subnet Mask, Default Gateway, DNS and WINS addresses).
Now, you need to export your current IP settings to a text file. Use the following command:
>netsh -c interface dump > c:\location1.txt
When you reach location #2, do the same thing, only keep the new settings to a different file:
>netsh -c interface dump > c:\location2.txt
You can go on with any other location you may need, but we'll keep it simple and only use 2 examples.
Now, whenever you need to quickly import your IP settings and change them between location #1 and location #2, just enter the following command in a Command Prompt window (CMD.EXE):
>netsh -f c:\location1.txt
or
>netsh -f c:\location2.txt
and so on.
You can also use the global EXEC switch instead of -F:
>netsh exec c:\location2.txt
Netsh.exe can also be used to configure your NIC to automatically obtain an IP address from a DHCP server:
>netsh interface ip set address "Local Area Connection" dhcp
Would you like to configure DNS and WINS addresses from the Command Prompt? You can. See this example for DNS:
>netsh interface ip set dns "Local Area Connection" static 192.168.0.200
and this one for WINS:
>netsh interface ip set wins "Local Area Connection" static 192.168.0.200
Or, if you want, you can configure your NIC to dynamically obtain it's DNS settings:
>netsh interface ip set dns "Local Area Connection" dhcp
As you now see, Netsh.exe has many features you might find useful, and that goes beyond saying even without looking into the other valuable options that exist in the command.
"Sesungguhnya kami telah menurunkan (Al-Quran) pada malam al-Qadr dan apakah jalan yang menyebabkan engkau mengerti (kebesaran) lailatul qadar itu? Lailatul qadar itu lebih baik daripada seribu bulan. Pada malam itu para malaikat dan Jibril turun dengan keizinan tuhan mereka (Allah), untuk setiap urusan. Sejahteralah malam ini hingga terbit fajar".
Kebanyakan ulama' Islam menegaskan bahawa kemungkinan berlakunya lailatul qadar adalah pada salah satu daripada malam kesepuluh terakhir sama ada malam ganjil ataupun malam genap.
Yang tetap berlakunya malam lailatul qadar adalah didalam pengetahuan Allah jua. Sesiapa sahaja yang beribadah di malam hari bulan ramadhan, jika kebetulan dengan malam lailatul qadar, maka dikurniakan ganjaran pahala melebihi ganjaran pahala yang dikurniakan kepada mereka yang beribadah selama seribu bulan atau selama 83 tahun 4 bulan berbanding dengan malam yang lain-lain.
Rasulullah s.a.w. sendiri amat bersungguh-sungguh menghidupkan sepuluh malam terakhir daripada bulan ramadhan bersama-sama ahli keluarganya dengna beribadah, bertadharu', beristighfar dan bermunajat kehadrat Allah, memohon rahmat, keampunan dan keredhaanNya.
Walaupun Rasulullah s.a.w. seorang yang maksum, dijamin terpelihara daripada dosa dan noda bahkan dijamin syurga, namun baginda tetap berjaga malam untuk qiamullail, menahan diri daripada tidur kecuali untuk seketika sahaja. Orang yang tekun beribadah pada 10 malam yang terakhir daripada bulan ramadhan akan mendapat rahmat yang dijanjikan sama ada dapat atau tidak menemui apa-apa tanda. Kerana yang penting adalah sepertimana yang tersebut dalam hadis sohih riwayat Bukhari dan Muslim iaitu:
Selain tanda-tanda tersebut, para alim ulama' menyebut bahawa beberapa tanda-tanda lain bila berlaku malam lailatul qadar. Antaranya ialah :
| 1. | Open the Group Policy Object Editor snap-in. To do this:
| ||||||||||||
| 2. | In the console tree, expand the GPO, expand User Configuration, and then expand Windows Settings. | ||||||||||||
| 3. | Right-click Internet Explorer Maintenance, and then click Preference Mode. The Advanced folder appears under Internet Explorer Maintenance in the console tree. |



HP Pavilion tx1000 – Komputer notebook
PENGELUAR: Hewlett-Packard
| Processor, operating system and memory | |
|---|---|
| Processor type | tx1020AU: AMD Turion™ 64 X2 Dual-Core Mobile Technology TL-60 • 2.0 GHz, Level 2 cache 1 MB, Up to 1600 MHz system bus running at AC/DC mode 35 Watt tx1005AU: AMD Turion™ 64 X2 Mobile Technology TL-56 • 1.8 GHz, Level 2 cache 1 MB, Up to 1600 MHz system bus running at AC/DC mode 35 Watt |
| Operating system installed | Genuine Windows Vista® Home Premium |
| Standard memory | tx1005AU: 1024 MB tx1020AU: 2048 MB |
| Memory type | tx1020AU: DDR2 667 MHz |
| Memory layout | tx1020AU: (2 x 1024 MB) tx1005AU: (2 x 512 MB) |
| Maximum memory | Supports up to 2 GB DDR2 memory |
| Internal drives | |
|---|---|
| Internal hard disk drive | tx1005AU: 120 GB tx1020AU: 160 GB |
| Hard disk controller | SATA Hard Disk Drive |
| Hard disk drive speed | 5400 rpm |
| Optical drive type | Lightscribe Super Multi DVD Writer (+/-R +/-RW) with Double Layer support |
| System features | |
|---|---|
| Memory card device | 5-in-1 integrated Digital Media Reader for Secure Digital cards, MultiMedia cards, Memory Stick, Memory Stick Pro, or xD Picture cards |
| Modem | High speed 56K modem |
| Network interface | Integrated 10/100/1000 Gigabit Ethernet LAN |
| Wireless capability | Integrated Bluetooth |
| External I/O ports | 1 VGA port; 3 USB 2.0 ports; 1 RJ 11; 1 RJ 45; S-video TV out; 1 Microphone-in; Stereo headphone with SPDIF, Additional headphone jack, Expansion Port for xb3000, 2 Consumer IR |
| Expansion slots | One ExpressCard/34 slot |
| Display size | tx1005AU: 12.1" WXGA High-Definition HP BrightView Wide Touchscreen Display tx1020AU: 12.1” WXGA High-Definition HP BrightView Widescreen Display with Integrated Touch-screen (Pen input optimized) |
| Display resolution | 1280 x 800 |
| Video adapter | NVIDIA® GeForce™ Go 6150 |
| Video RAM | Up to 128 MB shared video memory |
| Control panel | HP QuickPlay media player software and its dedicated menu controls, music and DVD buttons |
| Internal audio | 3D Sound Blaster Pro compatible sound 16 bit integrated |
| Speakers and microphone | Altec Lansing® speakers |
| Keyboard | tx1005AU: Next Generation 12-inch Compact Keyboard tx1020AU: Next Generation 12-inch compact Keyboard with 8 Quick Launch Buttons |
| Pointing device | tx1020AU: Touch Pad with On/Off button and 2-way scroll tx1005AU: Touch Pad with On/Off button and 2-way scroll with 8 Quick Launch Buttons |
| Power supply type | 65 W AC Power Adapter |
| Webcam | HP Pavilion WebCam with Integrated Microphone |
| Dimensions / weight / warranty | |
|---|---|
| Weight | 2kg - may vary, depending on configuration and components |
| Dimensions (W x D x H) | 30.6 cm (W) x 22.4 cm (L) x 3.13 cm - 3.87 cm (H) |
| Package dimensions (W x D x H) | 415 x 164 x 350 mm |


Malam tadi pekena western. Aku dengan Muin menikmati Grilled Lamb Chop, Azli dengan steak dan Jo makan Chicken Chop. Pueh hati la walaupun agak mahal, tapi kambing dia pehhhh... lepas makan, nak jalan pun tak larat. Gambar yg aku ambik memang tak menarik, gelap je.. aku punya vga camera.. flash pun tadak... huhuhuh....
Bagi kita yang sentiasa berdepan dengan orang lain, kita ada pendekatan dan kaedah bagaimana cara terbaik untuk melayan seseorang tetapi bagi individu yang memilih berseorang diri mungkin tidak mempunyai banyak masalah kerana tiada siapa yang perlu dilayan.
Apabila perhubungan antara satu sama lain menjadi mesra, contohnya, antara suami dengan isteri, ayah ibu dengan anak-anak dan majikan dengan pekerja, maka tidak wujud persengketaan dan perselisihan faham.
Namun begitu, sebagai manusia yang mempunyai pelbagai sikap, ada sikap terpuji yang mana seseorang boleh bertolak ansur dan sanggup berkorban demi menjaga keharmonian perhubungan antara satu sama lain dan ada juga mereka yang keras hati dan diselubungi sikap buruk sangka sehingga boleh membawa kepada pertelingkahan merugikan.
Dari perspektif sikap terpuji, seseorang itu mampu mengecapi kejayaan demi kejayaan kerana mudah bermesra, ramah dan mampu memahami kehendak dan keperluan orang lain. Di samping itu, dia juga tahu kelemahan dirinya.
Kesanggupan yang ada pada individu seperti itu untuk membantu dan memberi pertolongan dengan ikhlas sentiasa disanjung dan dihargai orang lain. Justeru, amat beruntung apabila ada orang seperti ini dalam sesebuah keluarga atau institusi.
Bagaimanapun, jika berlaku sebaliknya iaitu seseorang ketua keluarga atau ketua dalam mana-mana institusi mempunyai sikap buruk sangka, maka kemungkinan akan wujud suasana kurang senang antara ahli-ahli keluarga dan juga antara pekerja di institusi berkenaan.
Persekitaran yang tidak menyenangkan ini tidak memberi sebarang faedah kepada semua yang terbabit malah semangat mereka untuk mempertingkatkan kualiti hidup boleh menjadi pudar dan terhakis.
Isunya di sini ialah apakah faktor yang boleh membantu seseorang mengelak daripada mengamalkan sikap buruk sangka.
Sesungguhnya mereka yang tergolong dalam kumpulan ini mempunyai tahap emosi agak rapuh. Mereka mudah melenting walaupun dengan sebab-musabab remeh temeh.
Emosi mereka mudah naik dan turun dalam kerangka masa singkat. Kadangkala
ungkapan kata-kata yang kesat dan tidak seharusnya disebut, terkeluar tanpa banyak memikir akibat dan kesudahannya selepas itu.
Mereka tidak menghiraukan apa yang akan berlaku dan bagi mereka, mereka saja yang betul dan benar, orang yang dimaki hamun memang salah dan patut dibuat begitu. Tidak ada tanda-tanda yang mereka akan meminta maaf atas sikap mereka.
Oleh itu dihuraikan beberapa faktor yang mungkin boleh diamalkan bagi mengelakkan kejadian seperti itu kerana perilaku sebegini amat merugikan diri sendiri serta membuat orang lain berasa kurang senang untuk berdamping dengan individu yang terbabit. .
Pertamanya, jika berlaku sebarang salah faham, perkara penting yang harus dilakukan adalah untuk berunding secara ikhlas dan matang terhadap perkara berkaitan. Tidak ada gunanya apabila seseorang menengking dan menjerit sewaktu hendak berbincang sesuatu.
Perilaku seperti ini tidak membawa sebarang makna kerana mustahil sesuatu dapat dirunding dalam suasana yang tegang seperti ini. Justeru, agak wajar pihak tertuduh memaklumkan bahawa dia tidak dapat berunding dalam suasana agak tegang, mungkin selepas orang terbabit berasa reda sedikit, barulah perbincangan lebih bermakna dapat diadakan.
Sekurang-kurangnya orang yang terbabit boleh nampak kelemahannya dan sanggup membuat sesuatu bagi mengubah keadaan sedia ada.
Keduanya, orang tertuduh perlu memisahkan fakta daripada andaian. Ia tidak seharusnya dipengaruhi pelbagai andaian dan pendapat yang boleh memburukkan lagi keadaan. Dia perlu bersikap adil dan tidak mudah diapi-apikan oleh hasutan.
Tindak balas seperti ini akan menjadikan individu berburuk sangka sedar bahawa tuduhan melulu beliau tidak berasas dan hanya dipengaruhi oleh sikap syak wasangka saja.
Ketiganya, orang yang tertuduh boleh menerima segala tuduhan dengan hati terbuka dan bersedia mencari jalan penyelesaian terbaik. Ini akan membuat orang yang berburuk sangka itu melihat kembali ketidakadilan tuduhannya dan dia akan sedar orang yang dituduh mempunyai sifat terpuji dan pandangan lebih fleksibel, tidak seperti dirinya yang mempunyai pemikiran agak sempit dan rigid.
Faktor dihuraikan berkaitan dengan perilaku dan sikap individu yang mudah dipengaruhi oleh perihal buruk sangka dan bagaimana individu tertuduh boleh menangkis tuduhan liar yang dilemparkan kepadanya.
Dalam bidang perubatan psikologi, sikap buruk sangka boleh dilihat dari pelbagai peringkat, sama ada tidak serius atau serius.
Tahap tidak serius bermaksud dengan penjelasan saja, orang terbabit boleh menerima kenyataan dan cuba mengamal perilaku dan sikap yang lebih menyenangkan.
Bagi tahap serius, latar belakang, personaliti dan kestabilan mental individu berkaitan perlu dinilai secara terperinci untuk memastikan dia tidak mengalami sebarang gangguan mental yang serius seperti depresi, gangguan delusi paranoid, skizofrenia dan mania.
Jika ada bukti bahawa individu itu mengalami gangguan mental serius, dia memerlukan rawatan ubat-ubatan khusus bagi mengawal dan memulihkan semula kestabilan mentalnya.
Prof Dr S Hassan Ahmad.
hassan@fhs.unimas.my
